Regularity

Regular spacing vertically and horizontally means that we see no grouping. Each box is the same as the other boxes.

Proximity

Adjusting the spacing creates groups, either rows or columns. Boxes in the same row or columns will be assumed to have some association or similarity.

Implications for learning:·

• Group opposite things such as advantages and disadvantages separately.· Something that is on its own draws attention to itself. Use this to point out important information.·
• In screen design place screen items that have a similar function together, away from other functions.

Similarity

The dark colour implies a grouping of boxes to create columns. These will be assumed to have some association or similarity.

Implications for learning:·

• Graphical objects should be similar for similar content, e.g. Back and Next buttons should be a similar shape and different to Exit buttons

Continuity

When we see a shape we assume it to have the simplest form possible. We see this as two lines crossing when it could be four lines meeting or two arrowheads.

Implications for learning:

• Where the differences or contradictions exist, make sure that you identify them clearly, otherwise people will assume everything is together and consistent.
• When we learn to read we discover that English text goes from top left to bottom right. We therefore assume that information and functionality follows that sequence as well. Always place important information in the top left.

Closure

We fill in the blanks and see something that is not there.

Implications for learning:·

• Make sure that learning materials do not lead to assumptions.

Improving effectiveness theories